Chav Culture | Subcultures and Cultural Criminology

Chav Culture | Subcultures and Cultural Criminology The word chav is defined in the oxford dictionary as: a young lower-class person typified by brash and loutish behaviour and the wearing of designer clothes. It is described as an informal derogatory word in British slang. The website, www.urbandictionary.com, which is known for its definitions of British slang words, rather than define the word chav, depicts the image of a 12 year old boy wearing an imitation tracksuit whilst smoking a cigarette and simultaneously showing off his jewellery. The website describes young boys attitude as arrogant walking around as if he is 8 feet tall and mouthing off to strangers that walk by. This website does a great job of posing a truthful image of what a chav is deemed to be. The importance of cultural criminology lies within understanding human social behaviour through the recognition of cultural factors which enables theorists to view behaviour as dynamic rather than determined giving rise to different views on transgressive behaviour. The actions of the youth considered to be chavs on a daily basis can be deemed as part of their lifestyle, which has subsequently lead to the increase in the term chav subculture. The word subculture is used to describe a culture with qualities that differentiates them from a larger culture, for example the chav culture within British culture. The qualities that this chav subculture observes that differentiates are; a different fashion sense predominantly tracksuits and baseball caps; the wearing of lots of bling which is generally gold jewellery whether fake or real; and general loitering (hanging out) in public places such as street corners, town centres. Cultural criminology aims at looking at crime in the context of its culture. It aims to show the relationship between media culture, youth culture and crimes. It is the idea that the reason for committing an offence due to the thrill received. This may be due to excessive boredom meaning offenders have to resort to crime as their only source of pleasure. Cultural criminologists argue that offenders are influenced by media, and are in the mindset of that is the way to behave. In the context of the chav phenomenon they would argue that the chav phenomenon has occurred through choice, primarily for youngsters to fit in with their surroundings. An example of this can be seen through chav fashion and style. The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies describes style as a means of resolving structural contradictions; however cultural criminologists, such as Martin, take this a step further and describe style as a way of connecting an individual to society. By following the fashion trends, and wearing designer gear, regardless of its legitimacy it is an attempt by chavs to connect with society. Fashion may be seen as a form of exclusivity, with the elite wearing exclusive designer labels; an art form with an agenda of keeping the non-elite at a distance. I believe that the subversive use of Burberry wear by chavs is undeniably an attempt by chavs at connecting with society; by separating themselves from normal fashion and creating their own rebellious trends. Taking into account Bennetts notions of lifestyle, I would argue that the choices taken by the working class youth are an effort to attain an identity, to be realised and accepted in a community in which they believed they are ostracised. This conclusion was also drawn by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies who believe the chav phenomenon can be a reaction to analogous transformations in working-class identity, community and culture, now taking place in the context of consumer capitalism. Chavs tend to socialise or loiter in places which are public such as town centres, street corners due to boredom. The only form of entertainment available to them is shouting abuse at passers. This deviance is conceived as the thrill of transgression and self-transcendence as a way of overcoming the conventionality and mundanity typically associated with the banal routines and practicalities of everyday regular life. I believe the reason chavs walking around flaunting their designer gear a bid receive attention that isnt obtained elsewhere. The word chav is connected to communities that have suffered social deprivation. Lawler takes this a step further and describes them as the poor and dispossessed. Furthermore, Cohen and Ainley describe chavs as a post-industrial youth underclass. However I do not believe the words chav and underclass are entirely synonymous. I fear underclass is the word that has confused caused arguments regarding class prejudice. Skegg notes that terms such as social exclusion and the underclass have been cynically promoted and utilized by successive British Governments and policy makers, and have rapidly taken the place of terms such as working class. It is this point that illustrates the fact that despite post 1980s studies of culture that showed a decline in the analysis of social class; class distinctions have not disappeared rather they have been replaced. As the recognition of class inequalities has been buried so have class identities making the work on social class appear out of place. Howe ver the fact that the economic polarisation reached its pinnacle in the 1980s meant that the working class became the new underclass. This is echoed by Sayer who deems that the term working class has become one of embarrassment and shame after a decline into the issues of class equality. Moran asserts that the chav phenomenon surfaced as part of the 1980s turn towards neo-liberal thinking and enterprise culture. Moran claims society was perceived as groups comprising distinguished tastes and lifestyles, which further became known as yuppies, toffs, boffins and chavs. Despite various research about the declining importance of class, the creation of such groups has lead to stereotyping resulting in new classes. One way of distinguishing the lower classes is their crass and flashy style illustrated in the clothes they wear, the jewellery they wear and the music they listen to. News media has been one of the prime means through which the chav depiction has been composed and constituted. An example is an article titled Sites to check out if you chav what it takesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which appeared in the Edinburgh Evening News 2004, in which writer Gina Davidson declares: And we will know them by their dress . . . and trail of fag ends, sparkling white trainers, baggy tracksuit trousers, branded sports top, gold-hooped earrings, sovvy rings and the ubiquitous Burberry baseball cap. In essence, writers such as this label and define the new underclass known as chavs. She writes, Call them what you will, identifying them is easy. In addition to this statement, she continues in a defaming manner by stating that the girls wear too much gold plated jewellery that they will end up putting H Samuel out of business. She labels them as the dole-scroungers, petty criminals, football hooligans and teenage pram-pushers. Davidsons description demonstrates how the chav label ha s become an umbrella which encompass a string of older stereotypes of the white working classes. However the media distinguishes the fact that the chav image possesses a characteristic that makes it unique from previous images of the underclass; the attention paid to the exaggerated use of consumer goods, examples of which include cheap jewellery, branded sports gear and the excessive use of Burberry wear. This has been acknowledged by Hayward and Yar who argue that the chav phenomenon reiterates the discursive creation of the underclass, while simultaneously reconfiguring it within the space of commodity consumption. Through descriptive illustration of chavs, the news media has created a profile, and a person who fits the profile or is similar to the profile will be characterized as a chav. The media has created a class from which people may be pigeonholed purely based on their foreground; with no regard whatsoever as to their background. Furthermore, theoretical writers such as Lawler , Skeggs and Tyler have laid emphasis on the fact that the portrayals of the chav plastered with a sense of disgust which leads to attempts of distinctions by the middle class who are insecure about being tarnished with the same brush as the lower class. An illustration of this antipathy is shown in a quote from a website regarding chavs: I am so glad I have money and am not forced to live in local authority housing. This image just makes me realise how lucky I am to be an educated, cultured member of the middle classes. This disregard for the background along with the sense disgust created by the media towards this new underclass is what separates the middle/upper class with the chav underclass. I commend Billigs critique that these unhelpful media accounts of chavs have an underlying intent to produce a disgust which is not simply reactive but is constitutive of social class. The expression of disgust within media portrayals of chavs must be seen as conscious and not unintentional. The chav figure has produced a boom of condescending scorn aimed at the lower classes by not only the upper class but the middle class as well. I would argue that from the view of cultural criminologists, it is this ostracisation that breeds the chav culture and influences the youth to act in such way that contravenes the conventional norm exhibited by society. These transgressions are what gives these chavs their identity. Modern studies on youth frequently put emphasis the notion that class has become less important in shaping young peoples futures has become a powerful argument in sociological writing on youth. But it is this notion of class itself that shapes the youth to pick a culture to follow. The chav culture is just new option that adds to the list of other youth cultures such as Goth, Emo and Urban. Taking the viewpoint of conventional criminologists, when analysing the new underclass they would take into account the fact that chavs predominantly come from neighbourhoods that exhibit community disorganisation and physical deterioration. The neighbourhoods in which chavs grow up are generally estates which are mainly owned by the local authority or areas or rented housing. These areas are high in proportion of single parent families. These areas also exhibit socio-economic deprivation. The parents of the youths in these areas are largely unemployed, a study for the Centre of Social Justice shows that between 1981 and 2006 the proportion of social housing tenants of working age in full-time employment halved from 67% to 34%. Parents also tend to have histories of drug or alcohol abuse and backgrounds relating to criminality. Families living in these areas tend to lack good relationships between children and their parents with the parents lacking good parental skills resulting in d ysfunctional families with high tendency of family breakdown. In turn the children of the parents have as a result of poor parenting and social upbringing been left with no or little social skills or work ethic and may be impossible to educate. These youths display a number of individual factors such as hyperactivity, impulsive reactions, mental and/or physical health problems and a low self esteem. It leaves these youths with poor academic performances in their schools, due to constant time wasting through disruptive and aggressive behaviour. Their lack of discipline and organisation can lead to poor attendance in schools and early leaving. Edwin H. Sutherland put forward the notion of differential association which asserts that criminal behaviour is learned through interaction, it emerges when a person is exposed to more social message favouring conduct than pro-social messages. He argues that criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values the same as non criminal behaviour. If we remove the criminal factor from this theory, it can be applied in the context of chavs; the reason for their behaviour such as loitering or the reason they conform to a dress code is because chavs would like to express themselves just as the upper classes do. They too feel the need to follow a fashion, trend or culture just as much as everyone else. Another theory that can be applied to the chav phenomenon is the theory of anomie and strain developed by Robert K. Merton. This theory when applied to the chav phenomenon would suggest that chavs divulge in transgressive behaviour as a result of culture and the structure of society itself. He echoes the fact that all of society shares the same values and goals. The theory asserts the reason for chav behaviour is due to a retreat from social norms as a consequence of unequal social opportunities causing the youth to drop into deviant subcultures. Taking this theory a step further we could interpret the culture of chavs a rebellion, which aims to seek new goals, such as creating a new identity or culture solely to differentiate themselves from those who distance themselves from chavs due to ignorance. Furthermore, the theory of delinquent subculture could be applied, developed by Albert K. Cohen. He believes that the reason for delinquent behaviour was an uprising against the middle class societys perception of what society should be. He states the delinquent subculture, takes its norms from the larger culture, but turns them upside down. The delinquents conduct is right by the standards of his subculture precisely because it is wrong by the norms of the larger culture. In essence, I believe that the chav phenomenon as subculture has come about due to circumstance as well as choice. I believe that the choice to adhere to this subculture made by the youth does not come solely by free will, but is based upon the circumstances and factors that surround these youth, leading them to conform to a culture. This would lead me to say that the view taken by cultural criminologists that chav culture is a choice or a rebellion would not be true if taken out of the context of the argument put forward by conventional criminologist. I do not believe that chav label solely depicts someone following a culture. We have seen in the media, people who have come from chav like backgrounds are still regarded as chavs such as Jade Goody and Coleen Rooney. Although no longer displaying chav-wear, the fact that they come from chav backgrounds has permanently branded them as chavs with Jade Goody being regarded as the ultimate chav. The fact that the she moved out of the depr ived living conditions she once resided in the label has stuck with her despite her moving into a middle class society. I believe this has lead to a social labelling and almost social prejudice against people who come from areas populated with chavs. What people fail to see the is what is hidden behind veil known as chav , the real social underlying problems that have lead the youth to make those choices to follow this culture. Jade goody, labelled the ultimate chav, was ridiculed for her lack of general knowledge on national television, but a closer look at her background reveals that her upbringing was one of hardship and difficulty. She was brought up in an environment full of crime and violence, with her father was a chronic drug addict and her mother a thief, it was not an rearing full of values and ideals. Tyler and Bennet claim in their article on celebrity chavs that Media portrayals of these celebrities employ con- notations of the undeserving poor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in order to generate accounts of the undeserving celebrity. In reality I believe there is more to the chav phenomenon than just a culture, it has been introduced into society as a class; a class that you are born into and cannot leave. A class that has been produced as a by product of the decline of class and fashioned to produce fluid identities and to compensate for the change in political strategies. A class that the youth choose to be in purely because they fit in no other class.

Making America a Better Place Essay

America has had many great leaders in its history. They were all great though they all had different strategies. Leaders also come in different packages like some were presidents and some were just common people that influenced people. It does not matter what they were or what strategies they used they all wanted the best for America and led it through tough times and change. Two leaders American leaders that admire are Martin Luther King Jr. and Eisenhower. They both gave meaningful speeches our nation. Dr.  King gave a great inspirational speech in Memphis, Tennessee in order to push civil rights forward, while Eisenhower gave a farewell speech saying good bye to our nation. One thing that Dr. King and Eisenhower had differently in their speeches was their purpose. Dr. King’s purpose was to motivate the black community to fight for their equal rights and fix America’s racism problem. On the other hand Eisenhower was motivating the citizen to keep America progressing forward and cautiously without him. The only similarity that their purpose has is that they motivate a group of people living in America. A similarity is that they both repetition in their speeches. Dr. King uses it to engage more motivation form his audience. For example Dr. King repeats â€Å"If I had sneezed† to show that great things have happened and will continue to happen. Eisenhower also uses repetition, he repeat â€Å"Night† to his audience to emphasize that he is leaving the presidency to become a common citizen. These great leaders might have had different purposes and different strategies but their main goal was to make America a better.

Employee State Insurance Act Essay

The Act in fact tries to attain the goal of socio-economic justice enshrined in the Directive principles of state policy under part 4 of our constitution, in particular, articles 41, 42 and 43 which enjoin the state to make effective provision for securing, the right to work, to education and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. The act strives to materialize these avowed objects through only to a limited extent. This act becomes a wider spectrum than factory act, in the sense that the factory act is concerned with the health, safety, welfare, leave etc of the workers employed in the factory premises only. But the benefits of this act extend to employees whether working inside the factory or establishment or elsewhere or they are directly employed by the principal employee or through an intermediate agency, if the employment is incidental or in connection with the factory or establishment. Origin: The Employee State Insurance act was promulgated by the Parliament of India in the year 1948. To begin with the ESIC scheme was initially launched on 2nd February 1952 at just two industrial centers in the country namely Kanpur and Delhi with a total coverage of about 1. 20 lakh workers. There after the scheme was implemented in a phased manner across the country with the active involvement of the state governments. Objectives: The ESI Act is a social welfare legislation enacted with the object of providing certain benefits to employees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury. The insured employees and their dependants are entitled to the following benefits: * Medical benefit

If I Had Much Of A Choice - 2047 Words

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Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 972 Words

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The Backstage Door Opens And We All Walk Onto The Stage

The backstage door opens and we all walk onto the stage. Mr. H is up at the front of the stage telling us all to be quiet. As I am walking in, I notice how huge the Belchertown auditorium is. The rows and rows of seats must mean that a lot of students attend this school. The stage is much larger than the one back at Pioneer. Shelby and I walk up together to the front of the stage where the rest of our group sits. Flutes always sit in the front. Shelby and I take our seats in the far left of the stage. Shelby takes out her music and organizes it in playing order. Looking around, I notice all the wind instruments are ready sitting down with their music, ready to play. I look to where Mr. H should be standing, but he is not there. Mr. H is in the back shuffling around with the percussionist, making sure they have everything they need. I can tell Mr. H is stressed, his vein on his temple is popping out. Finally, Mr. H steps up to the front where we can all see him. 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Information Systems Analysis and Design Labs Organization

Question: Describe about the Information Systems Analysis and Design of Labs Organization. Answer: Introduction This report is focused on Australian Labs organization that offers the clients with lab testing services along with doctors and supports medical businesses. Jim Larsen, the head technician of Australian Labs has suggested changing the Inventory tracking system as it is outdated. This report is aimed to introduce a new Inventory tracking system for Australian Labs that will offer updated information system with the use of barcodes and modern database for keeping track of the request by customers. The objectives of the project are prepared as below: To develop a new Inventory tracking system for Australian Labs To evaluate and analyze the functional and non-functional requirements of the system To record the requests of customers and provide updated information to them about orders Approach to Systems Development Rapid application development (RAD): This methodology is utilized when a framework is made and it is modularized inside time of two-three months. It decreases the development time and expands the feasibility to use components of the system. Agile Methodology: It is defined as a reasonable methodology utilized for the development of systems. The prerequisites of resources are less and the usefulness of the framework is created quickly (Krajewski, Ritzman and Malhotra 2013). It is such a way to deal with programming conveyance, which fabricates programming incrementally from starting to convey everything at one time, close to the completion. System Analysis At first to initiate the framework examination knowing the prerequisites of the stakeholders is vital. Subsequent to gathering information of the prerequisites the necessity investigation are completed. A methodology of prerequisite investigation where issues confronted amid improvement is evaluated (Li et al. 2012). At that point, in the data model examination, the information components and their practices are analyzed. After that, the output of the past examination is taken as the functional analysis of entity input. Six sources of software are: Open source software Information technology service firms Packaged software providers Vendors of the enterprise solution software Application service provider In-house development Cloud computing With a specific end goal to purchase an off-shelf alternative for programming, the organization ought to look at the items and its merchants (Chang and Seibert 2014). The criteria, which are utilized, for example, cost, support from seller, usefulness, adaptability, time of reaction, simplicity of establishment and documentation. In the given contextual investigation, off-the-rack programming ought to be utilized for execution of inventory system framework as it has the accompanying applications: Spreadsheet software: It uses to ascertain the stock control framework, organization's records and installments. Database software: It keeps the client's records, sales order as well as records transaction (Stair and Reynolds 2013). Web Design software: It makes individual and additionally business websites. Word processing software: It composes the reports, letters to clients. Systems Requirements Functional Requirements The fundamental guideline of the Inventory tracking framework is to raise the offers of Australian Labs by making inventory of stock, subtle elements of the purchase by clients and dealers at the lab and details of receipt (Chang 2016). The accompanying are the required functionalities that will served by the system: Requirement Name Description Log-in Enables the Inventory manager for logging in to the system. Password change Enables the Inventory manager with provision to change password of user accounts. Status review Facilitates the salespersons to view status of the inventory items. Checking of Receipt It provides an option for checking of receipts. Searching of items It will enable the users to search for items in the inventory. Sold item view Enables the selling of items to the customers. Feedback review This function will allow the customers to provide feedback and facilitate the salespersons to review. Checking of stock Allows checking of items stock within the inventory. Checking status of inventory Allows the inventory manager to check for status and details of inventory in the system. Report validation Allows authenticating the report for inventory. Generation of trend Facilitates the inventory manager to create trend. Report View Allows the inventory manager to review the final inventory reports. Non-functional requirements The Inventory tracking system must be operated by Inventory manager for 24 hours every day in a week. The requirements that are non-functional in the Inventory tracking system are as per the following: Security: There ought to be provision for password protection using cryptography techniques in the system to prevent it from unauthorized access (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). In addition to it, the system will alert the concerned authority in case wrong username or password is entered for three times consecutively. Execution: The system ought to react when the approved client gives the username and secret key. The system ought to react inside less than 2 seconds. Accessibility: The system should have 4-5 clients and they ought to utilize the system amid the working hours. Project Cost Benefit Analysis The reason for analysing Cost benefit is to assess the budget required for the project and analysing whether it is suitable to undertake as well continue to develop the Inventory tracking system. It is ideal as a planning tool for businesses that can be utilized to include and analyse the presumable expenses and in addition, advantages of the activities with a specific end goal to choose that gives profit (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). The goal of this analysis is to think about the tasks involved in this project in terms of cost. The analysis is based upon monetary expenses and benefits that will be offered by the project. Cost benefit analysis Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net economic benefit $0 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 One time cost $80,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Recurring cost $0 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 Net cash flow $80,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 Discount factors Discount rate 10% Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 Discount factor 1 0.909090909 0.826446281 0.751314801 0.683013455 0.620921323 Discounted flows Cost $80,000 $22,727 $20,661 $18,783 $17,075 $15,523 Benefit $0 $36,364 $33,058 $30,053 $27,321 $24,837 Net $80,000 $59,091 $53,719 $48,835 $44,396 $40,360 Cumulative $80,000 $139,091 $192,810 $241,645 $286,041 $326,401 Net present value $246,401.14 Table 1: Table Caption Project Schedule Work Breakdown Structure Figure 1: Project Work Breakdown Structure Gantt chart FIGURE 2: Inventory Tracking Information System Project A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) groups the activities and additionally deliverables inside the project. It is utilized to evaluate the critical path of the undertaking activities and afterward creating a timetable for the project. After development of the project plan, Gantt chart is utilized for graphical representation of the schedule. System Goals The goal of the Inventory tracking framework is to provide the staffs with obligation and minimization of the stock outs. It tracks and reviews the offers given by Australian Labs. It similarly comes about for precision of inventory systems (Vieru and Rivard 2014). It will probably keep update of the stock database. System Requirements The framework prerequisite is to help in the client's question whether the required thing is in the stock and the stock administrator sees the interest of the things. System Scope The extent of the framework is to build up their obsolete Inventory tracking framework keeping in mind the end goal to build up their day-by-day deals, instalment and additionally support of the things (Rubython and Maiden 2014). It plays out the mechanization of the stock items deliberately. Discussion The schedule of the project is sensible, as the objective of the undertaking arrangement is to complete the task inside time and in addition within the estimated budget. It follows all the guidelines for the project and takes after the principles and controls of the Australian Labs. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques Involvement of Stakeholders The inner partners are workers, Inventory manager, governing body and financial specialists. The outside partners are buyers, suppliers and controllers. Three traditional procedures to gather data amid investigation Observing the users: It includes observing individuals to investigate their working. Direct perception is best when point-by-point strategies are reported (Highsmith 2013). This procedure is investigative as it gathers essential data. The primary point of this strategy is that it provides detailed level investigation, which accomplishes the hierarchical objectives. Direct Survey: It includes with outlining of inquiries and additionally figures out who are reacting to it. It is best when the greater part of individuals are included. Report Analysis: It recognizes composed strategies, reports and different records to distinguish the information that would focus on the present framework. Usefulness of the mentioned traditional methods Observing the Users: It gets to the circumstances when the inquiries and in addition meetings are difficult to lead. It is solid on legitimacy and in addition top to bottom comprehension of the investigation (Roetzer et al. 2013). It is an immediate strategy for gathering the information and in addition data. The information, which are gathered utilizing this strategy, is extremely solid. It enhances over the exactness of the exploration results. Direct Survey: It gives useful information and expansive measure of information are assembled from vast figure of populace in brief period (Gnanasankaran et al. 2013). The result of this poll method is that it gives evaluated results by utilization of software package and analyst. Report Analysis: This strategy is utilized to research basic leadership and allotment of assets. It overcomes with the troubles of the investment by empowering them (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). The information are gathered from the scholastic writing, manuals help them to gather exact information. Reflections and Conclusions From this report with the project plan, an Inventory Tracking Information System can be developed for the Australian Labs so they can meet with the system prerequisites of the lab. The conceivable limitations are time and expenses required to complete this project. Inside the evaluated time and budget, every one of the exercises ought to be done with the goal that they can accomplish the project in time. It can be inferred that the proposed Inventory tracking system will be helpful for the clients, as it will give them data about the delivery process and time of the orders. It will likewise provide exact data on their questions. The framework updates all the data and makes the clients upgraded with up-to-date information. References Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. In Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2 (pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Chang, W. and Seibert, J.H., Crashlytics, Inc., 2014. System and method for data collection and analysis of information relating to mobile applications. U.S. Patent 8,863,086. 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